The debate over the health and environmental benefits of vegan versus non-vegan diets has intensified in recent years, driven by growing concerns over climate change, animal welfare, and chronic health conditions. This comparative study seeks to explore the potential advantages and disadvantages of vegan and non-vegan diets by examining their impact on human health and the environment. Through an analysis of existing research, case studies, and environmental data, this study will assess the nutritional adequacy, health outcomes, and ecological footprint associated with each dietary pattern. The findings aim to provide a balanced perspective, helping individuals and policymakers make informed decisions regarding diet and sustainability.