Modern drug delivery systems are increasingly focused on targeted medication delivery. This includes improving drug loading capacity in carriers, enhancing cellular uptake, and achieving sustained release within target cells. This review explores six categories of therapeutic drug carriers: biomimetic hydrogels, biomimetic micelles, biomimetic liposomes, biomimetic dendrimers, biomimetic polymeric carriers, and biomimetic nanostructures. Biomimetic production and surface modification techniques are utilized to mimic natural cell accumulation processes. These biomimetic strategies are shown to enhance drug efficiency in targeted drug delivery systems. The study suggests that biomimetic nanocomposite drug carriers have the potential to significantly improve medication effectiveness in specific delivery systems.