Abstract- Brain diseases encompass a diverse array of disorders that impair brain structure and function, resulting in significant neurological and psychiatric consequences. This review categorizes brain diseases into neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, brain tumors, and infectious diseases, detailing their pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches. Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease involve progressive neuronal loss and currently lack curative treatments, though symptomatic relief is possible. Neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, arise early in development and are managed through behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Cerebrovascular diseases, notably stroke, result from disrupted blood flow to the brain and require acute and preventive treatment strategies. Brain tumors, particularly gliomas, demand multimodal treatment approaches due to their complexity. Infectious diseases such as meningitis and encephalitis necessitate prompt medical intervention to mitigate severe outcomes. Advancements in research continue to improve our understanding and treatment of these debilitating conditions.