Integration of Biotechnology in Enzyme-Based Waste Upcycling Solutions: A Review

Abstract

Enzymes are becoming increasingly important in biotechnology for their ability to turn waste into valuable resources, promoting sustainability. This review explores how enzymes are used to upcycle waste in various industries. In the food industry, enzymes transform food waste into biofuels and biochemicals. Textile waste can be recycled and detoxified using enzymes, while in paper production, enzymes help modify pulp fibers for eco-friendly papermaking. Enzymes are highly specific biocatalysts that enhance the efficiency and accuracy of biochemical reactions, crucial for converting different materials into useful products. Techniques like enzyme engineering further improve their performance, expanding their applications in biotechnology and environmental cleanup.