This paper examines the most up-to-date information on waste construction and demolition disposal options around the world, including the European Union (EU), OECD countries, and some developing countries (notably China), as well as (ii) the potential direct and indirect health effects of waste management activities. Though the primary emphasis is on municipal waste (MSW), bioaerosols from composting facilities and pathogens from wastewater treatment plants are also taken into account. The consequences of radioactive waste are briefly discussed as well. Hundreds of epidemiological studies have been published on the prevalence of a broad variety of potential diseases among waste facility workers and the general public. The overall result of the literature review is that proof of negative health effects for the general public living near landfills, waste incineration, compost facilities, and nuclear power plants is often inadequate and inconclusive. There is strong evidence that germs originating from sewage treatment facilities provide a significant risk of gastrointestinal disorders. Preference will be given to prospective studies with statistically reliable power, access to direct social evaluate overall, and data on health effect biological markers and predisposing biomarkers in order to improve the quality and utility of epidemiological studies applied to communities residing in areas where waste management facility is located or planned.