Hunter-gatherers and early food producing societies represent two different stages of human cultural and technological development. Hunter-gatherer societies are characterized by their reliance on hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants for sustenance. These societies typically live in small, nomadic groups and their way of life is closely tied to the natural environment. Hunter-gatherers have a deep understanding of the plants and animals in their environment, and their survival depends on their ability to adapt to changes in their surroundings. Early food producing societies, on the other hand, are characterized by the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals. This allowed these societies to settle in one place and rely on farming as their primary source of food. The development of agriculture brought about significant changes in human society, including the growth of larger, more complex communities, the development of specialized roles and professions, and the rise of civilization. Keywords: Pre-historic societies, Hunters, food gathers, Palaeolithic, Mesolithic & Neolithic In the absence of written records, scholars have drawn inferences about pre historic culture and society from other kinds of evidence. Archaeologists have excavated many sites that open windows on pre-historic life, and anthropologists have carefully studied hunting and gathering societies in the contemporary world. The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to early food producing societies occurred gradually over thousands of years, and was driven by a combination of factors including climate change, population growth, and technological innovation. This transition also had significant impacts on the environment and on human health and wellbeing. While early food producing societies were able to support larger populations and develop more complex cultures and technologies, they also faced new challenges such as increased disease transmission, resource depletion, and social inequality.