Background: Food security among rural farming households in Tamil Nadu, India, is influenced by various socio-economic and environmental factors. Understanding these determinants is crucial for developing effective policies and interventions. Objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of socio-economic factors (such as land ownership, education, income) and environmental factors (including climate variability, water scarcity) on food security. It also evaluates the effectiveness of agricultural policies, access to extension services, adoption of modern farming practices, and infrastructure improvements in enhancing food security. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kancheepuram district with 150 rural farming households. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using the percentage method to determine prevalence and significance. Results: Findings highlight significant challenges such as limited access to irrigation, low adoption of sustainable practices, and suboptimal utilization of government policies. These factors contribute to varying degrees of food insecurity among households. Conclusion: Effective strategies are needed to improve access to resources, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and enhance policy implementation to achieve better food security outcomes for rural farming communities in Tamil Nadu.